Ed+Rabel+Final+Project+Sources

 __** Data, Documents, & Cartoons **__

[] Anthracite was cleaned and separated into various sizes for market at 'picking tables' like this one at a coal breaker in Luzerne County. This can be shown as the working conditions in the mines.

[] Blast furnace at Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company, Scranton. This demonstrates the equipment the miners operated.

[] The Enos H. Horst coal and farm supply business of 124 Lincoln Way West, Chambersburg, PA, illustrates that the industrialization of the anthracite region contributed to a wagon trade for the marketing of anthracite both near and far. This vehicle was capable of carrying two tons of coal and could divide the deliveries into two one-ton transactions. The wagon has a scissor mechanism to elevate the bed to dump the coal. These types of vehicles are show to be much different than today's.

[|http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/I?fsaall,brum,detr,swann,look,gottscho,pan,horyd,genthe,var,cai,cd,hh,yan,lomax,ils,prok,brhc,nclc,matpc,iucpub,tgmi,lamb,hec,krb,:1:./temp/~pp_RJSc::displayType=1:m856sd=fsa:m856sf=8b09972:@@@mdb=fsaall,brum,detr,swann,look,gottscho,pan,horyd,genthe,var,cai,cd,hh,yan,lomax,ils,prok,brhc,nclc,matpc,iucpub,tgmi,lamb,hec,krb], A soldier is shown how a miner swings a pick under a low ceiling in a Pennsylvania anthracite mine. Soldiers, sailors and miners attended the anthracite miners' rallies in Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Hazleton and Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania, September 28th through October 1st. This photo can be incorporated under working conditions.

[] This cartoon shows the power of the coal barons and how they tried to control the government. This cartoon can be used to show how the media covered the miners and the bosses.

[] This document show data for employees, accidents, and production in 1911-1916. This information can be used to show the output of coal in Northeast Pennsylvania compared to the rest of the state.

__** Photos and Posters **__

[]This is a photo from Life magazine of a group of miners in Carbondale, PA which is north of Scranton. This photograph can be used to show the attire and comradery of the miners.

[]A home where a miner lives. Most of the homes were owned by the coal companies. This can be used to show the power the coal companies had over the towns they were in.

[] This poster showing a miner with Pennsylvania written on the bottom is by [|Isadore] Posoff. It was created in 1936-37. I couldn’t find any meaning behind it during my research. There are very few posters available pertaining to my specific topic. This one could be used to show the significance that coal had on the state to be considered by an artist.

[] **Credit:** Courtesy the Pennsylvania State Archives A coal "breaker" was a massive structure, and most stood over 100 feet high. Many of the tasks required to process the hard coal were performed in this building, including breaking the coal into various sizes, sorting, cleaning, and loading the coal into railroad cars for transport. The breaker shown here is the Deringer Breaker of the Cross Creek Coal Company, Luzerne County, PA, probably from the 1890s. This can be incorporated to show the buildings some miners worked in when they weren’t underground.

[] **Credit:** Photo by John Horgan, Jr./PHMC Bureau of Historic Sites and Museums/Anthracite Heritage Museum A mule and mule driver in a coal mine. Mules - many spending their entire lives in a mine - were a common means of transporting coal and workers in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Drivers usually named the animals to reflect their disposition, such as Sparky or Pokey. They also sang a common tune called "My Sweetheart's the Mule in the Mine," reflecting the amount of time they spent with mules. This can be shown as“live equipment” that miners used to pull the carts from the mines.

**__Audio Recordings & Sheet Music__**

Source: The Historical Society of Pennsylvania

The Old Miner’s Refrain [] This is one of the oldest anthracite ballads. It speaks of the early custom in the mining industry of old miners to return to the breaker to pick slate. The full cycle of a miner’s career is described in this song. The miner’s hopes, fears, dreams, ambitions, and fear of being dependent in his old age are summed up in this song. Avondale Mine Disaster [] This song details the events in the first anthracite mining disaster in 1869. A ballad appeared soon after the disaster and it sold hundreds of copies in the popular form of the penny broadside, so called because it was a written song version sold for a penny. For 25 years after the tragedy, this ballad was the most popular anthracite song. When the Breaker Starts Up Full Time [] This song describes the happy mood pervading when rumor has it that a period of unemployment (miners typically only had full- time work a few months out of a year) will end because the mine will begin working again. All the positive things, such as buying luxuries, that the song lists was only a pipe dream because even when the miners had full-time work such goods remained unaffordable. Union Man [] This short song was especially popular in the lower region of the anthracite area. It is a good example of the way that people can express all the phases of life and circumstance. This song was composed by Albert Morgan who sang it for folklorist George Korson at the Newkirk Tunnel Mine in Tamaqua, PA, in 1946. On Johnny Mitchell’s Train [] This song was born out of the famous anthracite strike of 1902, the labor event that marked the beginning of the United Mine Workers of America in the anthracite region. The strike lasted six months and forced workers to move to cities where they might find employment until work in the mines resumed.

**__Maps & Video__**

[] This video summarizes the rise and fall of Anthracite coal in northeastern PA. It notes that while the workers lived in poverty the owners got rich. The labor fights later became the fall of the industry. This video can be used to show the height and fall of the coal industry. [] Anthracite Coal Field, Pottsville, PA 1836. This is a map of the coal fields around Pottsville, PA. Students can zoom in and out to locate coal fields in the area. [] Map of eastern Pennsylvania and part of New Jersey showing major cities and the connections of the many tributary railroads serving the coal regions. This can be used to show the students the routes trains came in and out of the anthracite region. Part 1: [] Part 2: [] Part 3: [] These are three videos in a short documentary series on anthracite coal in northeastern PA. Part 1 shows the growth of anthracite from 1700-1890’s. Part 2 shows the industry from 1890-1920’s. The last video shows the decline from 1930-2008. This series can be used to show students a visual timeline of the coal industry.